释放更多优质学位 北京义务教育机会更加公平
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Anti-Estonian sentiment generally describes dislike, discrimination and/or hate of the/against/towards Estonian people or the Republic of Estonia and is typically propagated by the Russian government and media.
The Russian Anti-Estonian sentiment in 2007
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Christopher Walker and Robert Orttung allege that Kremlin-controlled sectors of the Russian media took advantage of anti-Estonian sentiment during Estonia's 2007 relocation of the Bronze Soldier, a Soviet-era monument to Russia's victory over Germany in the Second World War, originally called "Monument to the Liberators of Tallinn".[1] At various times following Estonia's independence from the Soviet Union, Russian national television has effectively shaped anti-Estonian sentiment[2] with the state-controlled media redoubling their anti-Estonian campaign after specific events that displease Moscow.[3]
According to Lilia Shevtsova, Senior Associate at the Russian Domestic Politics and Political Institutions Program Chair of the Carnegie Moscow Center, anti-Estonian sentiment was intentionally escalated by Kremlin in its "search for enemies", however she also notes that even Russian democrats took Estonia's removal of the statue immediately before Victory Day to be an affront to the Russian national honour.[4]
The Russian government used its state controlled media to propagate anti-Estonian sentiment in order to encourage ethnic Russian outrage, leading to coordinated waves of cyber attacks against Estonian internet infrastructure.[5] The President of Estonia Toomas Hendrik Ilves stated at the time: "We are witnesses to the information war against Estonia which already reminds of an ideological aggression".[6]
An anti-Estonian pejorative neologism, eSStonia, appeared in the Russian media, on Runet, and at the street protests in the midst of the Bronze Soldier controversy in 2007. The term, a portmanteau of Estonia and SS, is intended to portray Estonia as a neo-Nazi state.[7]
In April 2007, some participants protested outside the Embassy of Estonia in Moscow, organized by the Russian youth organisation Nashi, carrying signs stating "Wanted. The Ambassador of the Fascist State of eSStonia" (Russian: ?Разыскивается посол фашистского государства эSSтония?), referring to the then-Ambassador of Estonia to Russia Marina Kaljurand.[8] In May 2007, members of the Young Guard of United Russia picketed the Consulate-General of Estonia in Saint Petersburg holding up pickets with slogans such as "eSStonia–the shame of Europe!" (Russian: ?эSSтония — позор Европы!?).[9] The use of eSStonia in protests by Nashi and the Young Guard determined the head of the Saint Petersburg youth branch of Yabloko to file a complaint with Yury Chaika, the Prosecutor General of Russia, asking for an investigation into a possible breach of Article 282: Incitement of National, Racial, or Religious Enmity of the Criminal Code of Russia.[8][10]
In November 2007, Komsomolskaya Pravda, the biggest selling daily newspaper in Russia, ran a campaign asking readers to boycott travel to Estonia, Estonian goods and services. The campaign run under the slogan "I don't go to eSStonia" (Russian: Я не еду в эSSтонию).[7][11][12] The Economist, in its editorial, called the term "a cheap jibe" by spelling the country's name eSStonia, President Ilves as IlveSS and Prime Minister Ansip as AnSSip, while noting the coining of the term Nashism to describe what they regard as the populist, pro-authoritarian and ultra-nationalist philosophy of Nashi, a pro-Kremlin youth movement, as an encouraging countermeasure.[13]
In 2007, as a response to the possibility of removal of World War II graves (in the context of the Bronze Soldier controversy) Russian State Duma issued a statement accusing "the Estonian government's intention to continue its course of representing Nazism in a heroic light and justifying its ideology".[14] In Russia, the youth movement Nashi has been noted for anti-Estonian sentiments among its members; often, framed as "anti-fascism activities".[15]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Christopher Walker and Robert Orttung, "Russia: Putinism's Impact On The Neighbors". RFE/RL, February 12, 2008
- ^ Lipman, Maria (2009). Media Manipulation and Political Control in Russia (PDF). Chatham House. p. 10. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 June 2011.
- ^ Socor, Vladimir (26 January 2007). "Moscow stung by Estonian ban on totalitarianism's symbols". Jamestown. Jamestown Foundation. Retrieved 12 February 2009.
- ^ Shevtsova, Lilia (2007). Russia--lost in Transition. Carnegie Endowment. p. 200. ISBN 978-0-87003-236-3.
- ^ Mueller, Milton L. (2010). Networks and States: The Global Politics of Internet Governance. MIT Press. p. 23. ISBN 978-0-262-01459-5.
- ^ Statement made by the President of Estonia Toomas Hendrik Ilves, 30.04.2007 Sinisalu, Arnold. "Propaganda, Information War and the Estonian-Russian Treaty Relations: Some Aspects of International Law". Juridica International. Retrieved 4 April 2009.[permanent dead link]
- ^ a b "If you're a real Russian, don't have any fun in Tallinn". Tallinn: The Baltic Times. 13 November 2007. Retrieved 26 January 2008.
- ^ a b Boronov, Alexander; Shevchuk, Mikhail (21 June 2007). Между прокремлевскими движениями посеяли рознь (in Russian). Saint Petersburg. Kommersant. Retrieved 27 December 2008.
- ^ "Молодая Гвардия" подсчитала ненужные эстонские товары (in Russian). Saint Petersburg. Rosbalt. 7 May 2007. Archived from the original on 23 May 2019. Retrieved 27 December 2008.
- ^ Генпрокуратура проверяет "Наших" и "Молодую гвардию" на экстремизм (in Russian). Novaya Gazeta. 21 June 2007. Retrieved 23 January 2009.
- ^ Krasnikov, Nikita; Steshin, Dmitry; Babushkin, Alexander (6 November 2007). "Бронзового Cолдата перенесли за счет русских туристов!" (in Russian). Komsomolskaya Pravda. Archived from the original on 27 December 2008. Retrieved 27 December 2008.
- ^ H?bem?gi, Toomas (19 December 2007). "Fewer Russian tourists to stay in Tallinn for New Year's Eve". Baltic Business News. Archived from the original on 19 February 2012. Retrieved 26 January 2009.
- ^ "An ineffective bully". The Economist. 10 May 2007. Retrieved 27 December 2008.
- ^ "Estonia "ignores" Russian accusations as graves row grows"
- ^ ekspress.ee
External links
[edit]- Sveriges Radio/Komsomolskaya Pravda May 11, 2007: Anti Estonian hysteria in northwest Russia (article contains incorrect translation from Russian)
